Education in Kazakhstan. Education in Britain.
II TERM
UNIT 1
EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN
Text: Education in Kazakhstan
Grammar: The Present Perfect Tense
The educational system in Kazakhstan is conducted in two languages - Kazakh and Russian and consists of several levels of state and private educational establishments: infant schools, elementary (or primary) schools, comprehensive schools, colleges and academies. The constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan fixes the right of citizens of the republic on free-of-charge secondary education which is obligatory. The constitution prohibits any discrimination on the basis of language or ethnicity and guarantees equal rights in education regardless of nationality. Children start school at the age of 7 and finish at 17. As a rule a child attends the school, located in the neighborhood. However, in big cities there are so-called special schools, offering more in depth studies of the major European languages (English, French, and German) or the advanced courses in physics and mathematics and children, attending one of this may have to commute from home. The first stage of education in Kazakhstan is elementary (or primary) school for grades one through four. The second is secondary school for middle grades from five through nine. Upon graduation from secondary school students are given the choice of either continuing to attend the same school (high school -senior grades 10-11) or entering a vocational or technical school. Both of these schools are meant to provide one, along with the certificate of secondary education with a number of useful skills (e.g. those of an electrician, technical or computer operators.) Having completed one's secondary education, one can either become a part of work force or go on college (institution of higher learning-Institute).
To be admitted to the institute one has to pass a series of oral or written tests. Students may get free-of-charge higher education in the higher educational institution and the limited number of the state grants is given each academic year on a competitive basis. Some college departments (law, journalism, foreign language-especially English) have dozens of applicants for one prospective student's position. The system of higher education prepares highly - skilled experts on economy, transport, agriculture, medicine, languages and others. Today the young people of Kazakhstan have the opportunity to choose and acquire various types of education and build their lives according to their ambitions.
Studying of foreign languages and development of computer skills of pupils is of a special importance. More opportunities appear for the interested persons to be trained abroad on the basis of local and state grants, scholarships and the student’s exchange programs.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Establishment (syn. institution) |
учреждение |
2. infant school |
дошкольное учреждение |
3. comprehensive school |
общеобразовательная школа |
4. Citizen |
Гражданин |
5. Free of - charge |
Бесплатный |
6. obligatory |
Обязательный |
7. to locate |
устраиваться, находиться |
8. to prohibit |
Запрещать |
9. Choice |
Выбор |
10. Development |
Развитие |
11.to provide |
Обеспечивать |
12. skill |
умение, мастерство |
13. to attend |
Посещать |
14. especially |
Особенно |
15. according to |
согласно |
16.to carry out |
Выполнять |
17.abroad |
за границей, за рубежом |
18. Opportunity |
Возможность |
19. to appear |
Появляться |
20. Importance |
Важность |
Ex.1. Suggest the Russian for:
educational establishments; comprehension school; the right of citizens; on the competitive basis; regardless of nationality(независимо от национальности); highly - skilled experts; according to; equal rights; it is carried out on the basis; the same school; special importance(особое значение); for the interested persons; the student’s; exchange program; obligatory; to locate; higher educational institution; to be trained abroad; the limited number
Ex.2. Match the words having the same meaning:
1. to educate
2. obligatory
3. Grant
4. Establishment
5. Elementary school
a) Institution; b) stipend; c) primary school; d) to teach; e) compulsory
Ex.3. Match the following words and expressions from the list below.
Согласно; возможность; компьютерные навыки; развитие; общеобразовательная школа; посещать; обеспечивать; особенно; выполнять; умение,мастерство; учреждение; запрещать; бесплатный; за рубежом;
13)Free of charge; 3)computer skills; abroad; to provide; to carry out; to attend; comprehensive school; to prohibit; according to; establishment; development; especially; .opportunity; skill;
Ex.4. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word or phrase from the list below:
1. Secondary education is ….. in Kazakhstan.(secondary shool)
2. Entry to higher institution is quite….
3. The second is secondary school for middle grades from … through nine.
4. More opportunities appear for the interested persons to be trained abroad on the basis… … scholarships and the student’s exchange programs.
5 Studying of foreign languages and development …. of pupils is of a special importance.
6. The second stage of education in Kazakhstan is …….
7. Having completed secondary education one can enter …….
Competitive, of local and state grants, university, five, compulsory, secondary school, of computer skills.
Ex.5. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1. В Казахстане среднее
Ex.6. Answer the following questions.
1. What does the education system of Kazakhstan consist of?
2. At what age do children start school?
3. What is the first stage of education in Kazakhstan? What grades does it include?
4. What grades does secondary school include?
5. Is higher education paid or free-of-charge in Kazakhstan? How can a student get free-of-charge higher education?
Ex.7. Speak on the following sub-topics:
a) The levels of the educational system in Kazakhstan.
b) The system of higher education in our country.
GRAMMAR: The Present Perfect Tense
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
I have worked He has worked She has worked It has worked We have worked You have worked They have worked |
I have not worked He has not worked She has not worked It has not worked We have not worked You have not worked They have not worked |
Have I worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Has it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? |
I’ve worked He’s worked I haven’t worked He hasn’t worked
- The Present Perfect is always connected with the present. It denotes a completed action connected with the present. I am a little frightened for I have lost my way.
- The Present Perfect is frequently used with the adverbs ever, never, just, already, yet, lately, recently, this morning/evening, today, this week and with the prepositions for, since. What historical places have you seen?
Ex.6. Read the situation and then write a suitable sentence. Use the verb given in brackets.
Example: Hugh is listening to some music. It is a new cassette (buy). Hugh has bought a new cassette.
1. Andrew is sleeping soundly. It is late morning (oversleep)..... 2. You are going to sit down to dinner and discover there is no bread in the house. (Run out of). 3. We.... last weekend Gen went to the mountain-walking. Now she is in bed. (To catch a bad cold) 4. Your neighbors were playing their VCR very loud. Now it's quiet. (Switch off)
Ex.8. Answer the questions using the words given.
Example: Could you lend me your dictionary? (Sorry, I /just /give/it/to Mike) I Sorry. I've just given it to Mike.
1. Has Mother come from the market? (Yes/she/just/come/from the market) 2. Have you phoned Jack yet? (Yes /I/just /phone/him) 3. Would you like some coffee? (No thanks/I/just/have/a cup)
Ex.9. Put in been or gone.
Example: Where's Paul? - He has gone to the library.
We've been to the country today. Look, we've brought some flowers.
1. Where have you spent your holidays? - I've ... to Italy.
2. Are you going to the shops? - No, I've just ... to the shops.
3. Is Alex home? No, he's ... to the park.
4. Are they both out? - Yes, they've both ... to the market,
Ex.10. Make sentences with already and yet.
Example: Don't forget to pack some warm clothes. - I've already packed
them.
Have you typed the letters yet? - Yes, I've already typed them.
Have you bought that dress? - No, I haven't bought it yet, but I'm going to
buy it.
1. Why don't you have a bath?-.... .
2. Shall I buy some newspapers? - No,......
3. Have you asked Jim yet? - Yes ...
4. Have you invited Larry and Sue? - No, I, ... but I am ... .
5. Has the manager arrived yet? – Yes, .... .
6. Has Jill written to Dad? - No. she ... . But she ... tonight.
Ex.11. Use the words in brackets to make questions according to a pattern.
Example: (he/ever/paint/people). Has he ever painted people?
1. Have (you ever/be/to Scotland?).... .
2. Have (your parents/live/here all their lives?).... .
3. Have (you/hear/this concert?)... .
4. Have (how many times/you/ be married?).... .
5. Have (he/ever/meet/the President?).... .
6. Have (you/ever/visit/the White House?)... .
Ex.12. Translate the questions and answers.
Example: Когда ты в последний раз видел Аню? - Я не видел ее с мая.
When did you last see Ann? - I haven't seen her since May.
1. Когда в последний раз шел дождь? - Дождя не было целую вечность.
2. Когда они навещали вас в последний раз? - Они не навещали нас с июня.
3. Когда ты в последний
раз играл в теннис?— Я уже
давно не играл в
теннис.
4. Когда ты в последний раз ела кокос? - Я никогда не ела кокос.
5. Когда ты в последний раз водил машину? - Я не водил машину много
месяцев.
6. Когда ты в последний раз ездил в Канаду? - Я никогда не ездил в Канаду.
UNIT 2
EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN
Text: Higher education in Kazakhstan
Grammar: The Past Perfect Tense
The Almaty State University named after Abai
In 2003 the Almaty State University (ASU) named after Abai celebrated its 75th anniversary. ASU is a classical higher education institution that gives its graduates fundamental educational and scientific training and a high level of general and professional culture.
The university has 10 departments that prepare highly qualified specialists in 94 specializations. The university offers instruction in the following languages: Kazakh, Russian, English, German, French, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, Korean, Farsi, Uigur, etc. ASU successfully implements a multilevel system of higher education, which varies according to duration and level of training and includes educational and professional programs for secondary specialized education, higher and additional higher education, and retraining of specialists.
13 000 undergraduate students and 650 graduate and post-graduate students and university-fellows study at ASU named after Abai. Over one thousand of instructors work in 69 sub-faculties. They include 208 with doctorate degrees, 550 senior lecturers, 40 members and corresponding members of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the International Academy of Sciences of the Higher School. During the past 5 years 33 doctorate and 69 graduate theses were defended by university’s instructors.
During 2001, the university’s instructors presented 62 papers at international conferences in U.S.A., France, Germany, and Czech Republic, Japan, Holland, India and CIS countries. 34 papers were presented at republic-wide conferences. 11 and 15 works correspondingly were exhibited at international and republic-wide exhibitions. 63 monographs and 45 books were published, 6 certificates of authorship were received.
The president of the country, N.A.Nazarbaev referred to the role of the Kazakhstan's oldest higher education institution as the “leader of university education in the country”. The following are honorary professors of ASU named after Abai: President of Ukraine, L.D.Kuchma; President of Belarus, A.G.Lukashenko; President of Mongolia, N.Bagabandi; President of Georgia, E.A.Shevardnadze; President of International Academy of Sciences of the Higher School V.E. Shukshunov, and others.
Electronic textbooks, educational software and laboratory workshops on various subjects are created at the university. 27 modern computer classes with Internet access are functioning. ASU has specialized language auditoriums. There are 3 ultramodern language laboratories for 90 seats – a gift of the Japanese Embassy – and language laboratories for teaching French, Turkish, German, English, Arabic and Korean languages. Embassies of foreign countries provided educational literature and study methods, video and audio materials, videotape recorders, television sets, tape recorders and other equipment. There are 920 550 books in the library.
The university maintains contact with 35 higher education institutions of U.S.A., Germany, Holland, Russia, Austria, France, Italy, Turkey, Japan, South Korea and other countries. Its instructors and staff are involved in implementing projects of Tacis and Tempus, United States Information Agency, United States International Cooperation Agency, and Asian Development Bank.
During the last school year approximately 70 students and 40 instructors travelled abroad. Over 200 foreign citizens study at ASU.
The president of the university, Tokmukhamed Sadykov is a corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Higher School. He is a major organizer of the educational system and initiator of implementation of the best international educational standards in the Kazakhstan higher school.
Today, in the beginning of the 21st century, the Almaty State University named after Abai maintains its high status of Kazakhstan's first higher education institution, carrying on and multiplying its renowned traditions.
1. Qualified |
квалифицированный |
2. To offer |
предлагать |
3. To implement |
выполнять |
4. Retraining |
переподготовка |
5. Undergraduate |
выпускник |
6. Papers |
статья, диссертация |
7. Exhibition |
выставка |
8. To publish |
опубликовывать |
9. Workshops |
семинар |
10. To create |
создавать |
11. To specialize |
специализироваться |
12. Embassy |
посольство |
13. Equipment |
оборудование |
14. Approximately |
приблизительно |
15. To carry on |
выполнять |
|
поддерживать |
|
умножать |
18. Scientific |
научный |
19. Anniversary |
годовщина |
Ex.1. Suggest the Russian for:
Anniversary; fundamental educational and scientific training; qualified specialists; multilevel system; retraining of specialists; undergraduate students; 34 papers were presented; were exhibited; laboratory workshops; create; a gift of the Japanese Embassy; provided educational literature; to maintain; other equipment; implementing projects; carrying on and multiplying; its renowned traditions;
Ex.2. Match the following words and expressions from column A with those in column B.
A
1. Undergraduate
2. Papers
3. Exhibition
4. To publish
5. Anniversary
6. Create
7. To specialize
8. embassy
9. equipment
10. Approximately
Ex.3. Fill in the gaps with the words given in brackets.
1. ASU successfully implements ... system of higher education.
2. Electronic textbooks, educational software and laboratory workshops on ... ... are created at the university.
3. There are 3 ultramodern language laboratories for 90 seats – ... of the Japanese Embassy. 4. There are 920 550.... In the library.
5.The Almaty State University named after Abai maintains its high status of Kazakhstan's first higher education institution, carrying on and multiplying its .... .
6.11 And 15 works correspondingly were ... at international and republic-wide exhibitions.
7.63 monographs and 45 books were ..., 6 certificates of authorship were received.
Various subjects, renowned traditions, published, a multilevel, books, a gift, exhibited
Ex.4. Make a conversation based on the text, using these questions.
1. When did the Almaty State University (ASU) named after Abai celebrate its 75th anniversary?
2. How many departments are there in the Almaty State University?
3. How many instructors work in this university?
4. How did the president of the country, N.A.Nazarbaev name the oldest higher education institution?
5. Name honorary professors of the Almaty State University.
6. There are 3 ultramodern language laboratories for 90 seats. It is a gift of the Japanese Embassy, isn’t it?
7. What did embassies of foreign countries provide?
8. How does the university maintain contact with institutions of other countries?
9. Who is a corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Higher School?
GRAMMAR: The Past Perfect Tense
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
I had worked |
I had not worked |
Had I worked? |
I’d worked
- The Past Perfect Tense denotes an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
- Past Perfect + Past Indefinite
He had finished his work when I called him.
He had finished his work by 5 o’clock yesterday.
The Past Perfect Tense is used with the conjunctions: hardly..., scarcely..., nearly..., barely... + Past Perfect ... when + Past Indefinite. No sooner + Past Perfect... than + Past Indefinite. He had hardly done it when they came.
Ex.5. Use the Past Perfect Tense.
Examples: Why didn’t you listen to that play on the radio? – Because I had heard it before.
1. Why didn’t you see Fred when you came to Astana? (Leave) 2. Why didn’t Kate want to go to the cinema? (See the film) 3. Why didn’t you tell him my new address? (Forget) 4. Why didn’t Jeff hear about Kate’s examination? (Pass) 5. Why did Fred come home so soon from his holiday? (Spend all the money) 6. Why couldn’t you get into your flat at once? (Lose the key)7. What did you learn about Bob? (Get married).
Ex.6. Make sentences using the words in brackets.
Example: His hair was wet. (He/ just/ have/ a shower)- He had just had a shower.
1. There was nobody at the platform. (The train/just/ leave). 2. We didn’t find anybody at home everybody/already/go out). 3. The children were playing in the garden. (They/just/come/from/school). 4. Bob wasn’t at home when I arrived. (He/arrange/to meet/some friends/at the club).5. I couldn’t recognize the child after all that time. (I/not/see/her/for seven years)
Ex.7.Use the Past Perfect Tense of the verbs given in brackets to complete the sentences.
Example: When John and I got to the river, the boat race (start already)
1. When she went to bed, she remembered that she (not/switch off the light). 2. She felt tired because she (walk a lot/ that day) 3. She went for a holiday after she (pass the exams). 4. I didn’t know what to do when they (show/me/the picture). 5. I didn’t look at the present until after she (go). 6. I was very sorry to hear that he (die). 7. He didn’t start speaking until the children (leave the room)\
Ex.8. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect in the following texts.
a) He (look) at his watch. In a quarter of an hour he (be) due at the General Meeting of the New Colliery Company - one of Uncle Julian’s concerns; he should see Uncle Jillion there, and say something to him about Bosinney – ( not/make) up his mind what, but something – in any case he should not answer this letter until he (see) Uncle Jillion. He (get) up and methodically (put) away the draft of his defense. Going into a dark little cupboard, he (turn) up the light, (wash) his hands with a piece of brown Windsor soap, and (dry) them on a roller towel. Then he (brush) his hair, (turn) down the light, (take) his hat and … (leave) the house.
b) When Tom (wake), the farmhouse (burn), it (start) burning when the shell (hit). None of the other soldiers who (be) in the farmhouse (be) to be seen. They (be) lucky to escape. In the confusion they (miss) Tom who (sleep) on the kitchen floor. As his leg (be) broken, it (take) him hours to crawl across the room to the window. He (pass) out again and again. But he (be) sure he (not/want) to die and finally he (get) to the window and (pull) himself up so that he (can) look over the sill. Somebody (see) his head above the window and (get) him. Tom (not/remember) any of that. He never (find) out whom (save) him.
Ex.9. Translate the following sentences into English concentrating on the use of tense-aspect forms.
1. Мы
проработали вместе уже много
лет, и я фактически мало
знаю о тебе. 2. Когда мы подошли
к тому месту, где он уронил
кольцо, он остановился. 3. Тебе нравится
готовить? – Я люблю это. Это
одно из моих хобби уже много
лет. 4. Папа всегда называл меня
Катя. 5. Они возвращаются, я полагаю,
они остановятся в гостинице
на этот раз. 6. Она заперлась
и не сойдет вниз, пока они
не уйдут. 7. Я не знаю имена
всех в деревне. Я живу здесь
всю свою жизнь. 8. Я готовила
обед, в то время как она
прибиралась в комнате. 9. Не успели
они войти в дом, как
Ex.10. Ask for the underlined part. Write the complete English question into the gap.
Example: The class plays football. Answer: The class plays football. What does the class play?
1) She never cleans the van. |
2) Kim and Tina are playing ball in the garden. |
3) They are running home. |
4) Mr Johnson has been living in Montreal for ten years. |
5) Anne likes her new job very much. |
6) The Barnes are planning a trip to Norway. |
7) The shop will be closed until next month. |
8) Beverly usually gets up at 6.30 am. |
9) He can't meet Sharon because she is very ill. |
10) Every evening Steven listens to his new CDs. |
UNIT 3
EDUCATION IN BRITAIN
Text: Education in Britain
Grammar: The Future Perfect Tense
The Five Ages of Education
British education has many different faces, but one goal. Its aim is to realize the potential of all, for good of the individual and society as a whole.
1. Around hall of 3-and 4-year-olds in Britain receive nursery education, and many other children attend pre-school playgroups, mostly organized by parents. Children of nursery age need care as well as education , however , and it is not just their mental requirements, but social , emotional and physical needs that must be met. In nursery schools, qualified teachers, usually primary teachers with a nursery teaching qualification, work alongside helpers and nursery nurses to achieve this.
2. Compulsory primary education begins at the age of 5 in England, Wales and Scotland, and 4 in Northern Ireland. Children usually start their school career in an infant school and move a junior school or department at age 7. In some parts of the country , though , children begin at a first school at age 5, and move on to a middle school at age 8,9 or 10. Primary schools vary in size and location, some having as few as two teachers and others as many as 30.
Subjects covered include English mathematics and science, along with technology, history, geography, music, art, and physical education.
At 7 and 11 years old (and a secondary school, at 14 and 16) teachers measure children’s progress in each subject against attainment targets. In English for instance, there are five basic targets: speaking and listening: reading: writing: spelling and handwriting.
3. In Britain, most children of compulsory secondary school age (11 to 16) receive free education financed from public funds. This may be a comprehensive (mixed ability) or a grammar school. A small proportion attends private or independent schools, not financed by the state. The large majority of schools teach both boys and girls together. The school year in England and Wales normally begins in September and continues into the following July, in Scotland, it runs from August to June and in Northern Ireland from September to June.
4. All Britain’s universities enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff and decide what and how to teach. First degree courses usually last three or four years.
The Open University is a little different, because it relies on distance learning.
England and Wales’s 34 polytechnics tend to be more vocationally –orientated than universities , providing degree and sub degree vocational courses as well as traditional academic degree courses. Many polytechnics have close links with business, and many students have jobs and attend part-time. For those without standard entry qualifications, access and foundation courses can provide a way in to higher education. The number of access courses in Britain is increasing rapidly.
5. Education doesn’t stop with leaving school. Further education in particular is learning which, with its strong ties with commerce and industry, is vital in the effort to keep Britain economically competitive.
Over 500 colleges of further education run courses on everything from catering to business studies. Most further education courses are vocational, but many colleges offer more academic courses, such as GCSEs and A levels. Students may attend college part- time, day by day or block release from their jobs or in the evening. The new National Vocational Qualifications, based on standards of competence set by industry, are designed to ensure the relevance of vocational qualifications to employers. They are based on defined levels of attainment, to which qualifications can be assigned.
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1. Phasing -in |
поэтапное введение |
2. curriculum |
учебный план |
3. around |
приблизительно |
4. nursery |
детский сад |
5. alongside |
рядом с |
6. primary |
начальное обучение |
7. infant school |
дошкольное заведение |
8. junior school |
младшие классы (средней школы) |
9. To vary |
отличаться |
10. as few as |
всего |
11.to cover |
охватывать |
12.science |
естественные науки |
13.to measure |
оценивать, определять |
14.attainment |
достижения |
15.target |
цель |
16.handwriting |
почерк, каллиграфия |
17.to acquire |
приобретать |
18. To broaden |
расширять |
19. Range |
диапазон |
20. To demand |
требовать |
21.content |
содержание |
22.vocational |
профессиональный |
23.artificial |
искусственный |
24.non graduate |
студент последнего курса |
25.bachelor |
бакалавр |
26.to tend |
иметь тенденцию |
27.to appoint |
назначать |
28.vital |
насущный |
29.full-time student |
студент очного отделения |
30. To ensure |
обеспечить |
Ex.1. Suggest the Russian for:
- infant school
2. To vary
3. As few as
4. to measure
5. Attainment
6. Target
7.
To cover
8. Science
9. To acquire
10. handwriting
11. To tend
12. To demand
13. Content
14. Vocational
Ex.2. Match the words and phrases in column A with those in column B.
A
- graduate
a) достижения - to vary
b) всего - non-graduate
c) оценивать - vocational
d) расширять - attainment
e) отличаться - to measure
f) насущный - to broaden
g) обеспечить - as few as
h) профессиональный - vital
I) студент последнего курса
Ex.3. Complete this description of a typical school education.
Age |
|
5 |
Everyone starts ………………… school. |
11 |
Children go on to ………………. School. Some of these are called Grammar schools, others are called ………. i.e. with mixed ability. |
16 |
By Law, children can ………. School at this age and …….. A job, but many ……….. at school for two more years. |
18 |
If they pass their exams, many ………… to university. |
Ex.4. True or false? If the sentence is false, change it to make true.
1. In England public schools are the same as state schools.
2. Children at school are called ‘pupils.
3. In British schools PE is short for ‘practical education’.
4. In Britain, the academic year if usually divided into two terms.
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