Electric field
ELECTRIC FIELD
The concept of the electric
field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created
by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force
exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The electric field
acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational
field acts between two masses, and like it, extendsΒ towards infinity
and shows an inverse square relationship with distance. However, there
is an important difference. Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing
two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction
or repulsion. Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no
net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero. Thus gravity
is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much
weaker. An electric field generally varies in space, and its strength
at any one point is defined as the force (per unit charge) that would
be felt by a stationary, negligible charge if placed at that point.
As the electric field is defined in terms of force, and force is a vector,
so it follows that an electric field is also a vector, having both magnitude
and direction. Specifically, it is a vector field.1000 The study of
electric fields created by stationary charges is called electrostatics.
The field may be visualized by a set of imaginary lines whose direction
at any 117point is the same as that of the field. This concept was introduced
by Faraday, whose term 'lines of force' still sometimes sees use. The
field lines are the paths that a point positive charge would seek to
make as it was forced to move within the field; they are however an
imaginary concept with no physical existence and the field permeates
all the intervening space between the lines. Field lines emanating from
stationary charges have several key properties: first, that they originate
at positive charges and terminate at negative charges; second, that
they must enter any good conductor at right angles, and third, that
they may never cross nor close in on themselves.Β The principles
of electrostatics are important when designing items of high-voltage
equipment. There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that
may withstood by any medium. Beyond this point, electrical breakdown
occurs and an electric arc causes flashover between the charged parts.
Air, for example, tends to arc at electric field strengths which exceed
30 kV per centimetre (ΠΊΠ/ΡΠΌ) across small gaps. Over larger gaps,
its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre. 2000The
most visible natural occurrence of this is lightning, caused when charge
becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises
the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand. The
voltage of a large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have
discharge energies as great as 250 kWh. The field strength is greatly
affected by nearby conducting objects, and it is particularly intense
when it is forced to curve around sharply pointed objects. This principle
is exploited in the lightning conductor, the sharp spike of which acts
to encourage the lightning stroke to develop there, rather than to the
building it serves to protect.Β An electric field is zero inside
a conductor. This is because the net charge on a conductor only exists
on the surface. External electrostatic fields are always perpendicular
to the conductors surface. Otherwise this would produce a force on the
charge carriers inside the conductor and so the field would not be static
as we assume.Β
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ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΒ ΠΠ°ΠΉΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΌΒ Π€Π°ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅. Π‘ΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ - Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ - Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° (Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° - Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ - ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ - Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ electrostatics. ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ 117point ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π€Π°ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ 'Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ' Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΈ - ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ; ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ - ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ. Π£ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π²ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²: Π²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ , ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π² ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ; Π²ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ , ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ Π²-ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ , ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΡ electrostatics Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π» ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΡΠ³Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ flashover ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ , Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΡΠ³Ρ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ 30 ΠΊΠ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ (ΠΊΠ/ΡΠΌ) ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ 1 ΠΊΠ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ.
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